Journal of China in Global and Comparative Perspectives
Volume 3, 2017
Abstract: This is a comparative study of the concept of tian (天, heaven), as recorded in ancient and modern Chinese, from a cognitive linguistic perspective. In comparing the semantic networks of tian in ancient and modern Chinese, we hope to investigate what the similarities and differences between the two reveal about the developments in Chinese people’s perceptions of the world, via the concept of tian. The study has found an overall similarity between tian in ancient and modern Chinese, in that the same three semantic extension chains can be observed in both, namely: ‘top of the head—(those that exist) high up—sky (and its visual features) and celestial bodies—weather/climate—(a point in or period of) time’; ‘sky—nature—(what is) innate’; and ‘(those that exist) high up—(those) of a high status—(humans/objects) that are of good quality’. The main differences between tian in ancient and modern Chinese lie in the distributions of the various senses. In ancient Chinese, tian primarily refers to those that are of a high social status, while in modern Chinese, it is overridingly used as a temporal unit. The commonalities and discrepancies of tian in ancient and modern Chinese shed light on the developments that modern China has gone through in its political system, family and social structure and science and technology.
Keywords: tian; conceptual metaphor; conceptual metonymy; Chinese